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KING JOHN’S – Lost Crown Jewels

KING JOHN’S

Lost Crown Jewels

Overview

King John was arguably one of the most well known kings that England has had. He reigned as King of England between 1199 until his death in 1216 but his journey to becoming king was not a swift and easy one. He had four older brothers who would have to all become king before the throne was his. Becoming king and inheriting significant lands was seen as being highly unlikely for John which is why he was nicknamed John Lackland.

However, through a turn of surprising events between his birth in 1166 and 1199 Each of the brothers would meet an untimely death and John would have his place at the throne. King John is known for many things: His unusual ascent to the throne, the Magna Carta, his reputation as king, but perhaps most importantly to archaeologists and treasure hunters alike is the loss of his baggage trains containing the English crown jewels in what is known as the Wash in October 1216 shortly before his death at Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire. Many have tried and failed to locate the famous lost treasures but maybe all of that is about to change.

Portrait of King John painted in the 1600’s by an unknown artist.

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Background

King John is one of England’s most infamous kings. His reputation at the time of his death and afterwards was so disastrous that in the 800 years after his death, no other English king has taken the name John. John was born in 1166 and his parents were a power couple of their time. His father was Henry II of England, a man who took control of the throne after the death of his cousin Stephen. Henry’s mother, Empress Matilda, had been heir to the throne but upon her father’s death Stephen had stolen the throne from her. Matilda did not want to give up her rights as queen, and for decades England was caught in a civil war, split between the two claimants. Henry had inherited his mother’s strength.

John’s mother was just as formidable a woman. Known as Eleanor of Aquitaine, she was a rich and powerful heiress who owned vast lands in the southwest of modern-day France. She was married to a French prince and later became Queen of France through the marriage. After fifteen years together, though, the couple parted ways, and Eleanor swiftly raced to marry Henry, later making her Queen of England too.

John’s Parents, Henry II and Eleanor, holding court.

King John on a Stag Hunt.

John was the youngest of four surviving sons of the couple, and he gained the nickname Lackland because being so far low down the line of succession, it was considered he would have little inheritance and thus power in life. However, through a series of deaths and lack of male heirs, John soon became heir to the throne. In 1189 his brother Richard became king (later being known as “The Lionheart”) and John could start to see power within his grasp. His brother was rarely in England, spending most of his time on Crusade, fighting in France, or in captivity. This gave John great power in England, and in the early 1190s he even made an alliance with King Philip of France in order to rebel against those loyal to his brother in England. His rebellion was unsuccessful and upon Richard’s return to England John was forced to agree to a peace.

John finally got his wishes in 1199 when his brother died. Still, though, his path to power was not clear cut. There was another claimant to the throne, the oldest son of another of John’s brothers, but inheritance law was unclear on who should take precedence for the throne. Despite his misbehaviour during Richard’s reign, the majority of the English and Norman nobility supported his claim, and he won out. John had become king.

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Conflicts As King

John’s reign has often been seen as a series of disasters. Whilst his father, brothers and ancestors had gathered huge swathes of territory across modern-day France, John lived up to his Lackland name and instead lost huge pieces of land. Whilst fighting his nephew and the French king, he became known for his cruel treatment of prisoners which led to the death of many of them.

When these important prisoners were fellow nobles, this behaviour was seen as reprehensible to his contemporaries, including his own people. This, combined with his tendency to ignore the opinions of his powerful allies, quickly lost him much support.

King John presenting a church by Mathew Paris 1250-1259.

Silver King John Penny.

Across 1202-3 many of these allies started to abandon him, reducing the power of his army. By 1204, the King of France had taken control of Normandy, an important territory that had been part of English-controlled lands since its Duke took the English throne in 1066. King Philip quickly took control of other English territories in France, including Anjou and Poitou. John’s reign had now seen the collapse of the English empire in France. John was to spend the rest of his reign trying to reclaim these lost lands.

As the 1210s arrived, John started to face increasing hostility from his own nobles. This culminated in 1215 with the famous Magna Carta, a “Great Charter” of peace which addressed the barons’ complaints and was a proposal for general political reform to prevent discontent in the future. Though Magna Carta was intended to be a peace deal, both John and his barons quickly reneged on the deal, with John securing the excommunication of the rebel barons from the Pope. All-out war was now on the horizon.

Whilst the rebel barons quickly captured Rochester Castle, John was actually at an advantage at the start of the war. He had a pool of money to pay mercenaries with, and he still had the support of several powerful nobles with their own significant forces. The rebels, on the other hand, did not have enough siege equipment required to take John’s many royal castles. By January 1216, John was on the winning foot and numerous rebels had been captured. Desperate to prevail, the remaining barons turned to the French prince Louis for help.

Louis was interested in the offer, as it could give him the very appealing throne of England, eventually uniting England and France into one powerful kingdom. Louis landed in Kent in May and joined up with the barons, whilst John retreated to gather his defences. With Louis’ help, the rebels took control of the south-east and parts of the north of England. Finally, in September John attacked, eventually moving to King’s Lynn to order more supplies. Here, disaster struck: he contracted dysentery.

The French victory at the battle of Bouvines which doomed John’s plan to retake Normandy in 1214.

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The Treasure

St Edward’s Crown.

Sick, with Prince Louis prowling nearby and the King of Scotland invading the north (taking advantage of the turmoil in England), John left Kings Lynn and moved north. This proved to be a costly mistake, as recounted by the chronicler Roger of Wendover: “… in crossing the river Wellester, he lost all his carts, waggons, and baggage horses, together with his money, costly vessels, and everything which he had a particular regard for; for the land opened in the middle of the water and caused whirlpools which sucked in every thing, as well as men and horses, so that no one escaped to tell the king of the misfortune. He himself narrowly escaped with his army” Different chroniclers record the story to varying degrees, but it has usually been suggested that amongst John’s lost belongings were the English Crown Jewels.

One item that might have been swallowed up was the Sword of Tristram, a ceremonial sword used as regalia which is last mentioned in official records in 1207. Others suggest that very little may have actually been lost, the story exaggerated by chroniclers, and that perhaps simply a few horses and carts were lost – not any great treasures. Some historians say that the Sword of Tristram is actually the same sword as one known in Henry III’s time as Curtana, and that it was not lost at all.

The crossing where John supposedly lost his significant riches was The Wash, a bay and estuary in the north-west of East Anglia. The land is flat, low-lying and marshy, filled with deposits of sediment and is ever-changing.

The town of King’s Lynn, where John had stayed, was, at his time, on the coast of the Wash – today, it is a distance inland. There are a number of large sandbanks which are exposed at low tide. The crossing at Wellstream (Wellester, as Roger named it) was only usable at low tide and so it is thought that the quickly rising incoming tide is what caused John’s wagons to get trapped and ultimately lost.

The jetty at Snettisham RSPB reserve in The Wash.

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Conclusion

Newark Castle in 2012.

Ultimately, John’s time was short. He was unable to fight off his dysentery and he only made it as far as Newark Castle in Nottinghamshire until he could travel no more. He died on the night of the 18 th /19 th October. His 9-year-old son was proclaimed King Henry III, and he came under the protection of some of John’s most powerful barons. Eventually, the King’s protectors defeated Prince Louis in 1217 and he gave up his claims and returned home. John’s son Henry went on to be the longest-reigning medieval English king.

But what of John’s lost treasure? Whilst debate remains of what exactly was lost at The Wash, it is true that lists of royal regalia in Henry III’s reign mention very few items of John’s, leading credence to the idea it was buried beneath the sand.

Likely little of it would have survived to today, with the wooden carts, the luxurious fabrics and other pieces disintegrating in the sand and water. Only the solid metals could have lasted these 800 years, and they may be scattered across the bay now. The ever-changing tides, shifting sand, and the fact that the items were dispersed across several carts rather than purposefully buried in a hoard would make it difficult to ever find all the items.

This has not stopped people searching, lured by the call of one of the greatest pieces of treasure that could be found. In fact, just last summer a treasure hunter named Raymond Kosschuk claimed to have discovered the riches at a site in Sutton Bridge. He said that readings of magnetic fields from his specially designed equipment suggested a significant deposit of gold and metal at his site. Just this month, Kosschuk announced he had begun digging on the site. Could this solve the mystery of the treasure once and for all?

The Tomb of King John in Worcester Cathedral.

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GEMMA HOLLMAN

Guest Writer

Gemma Hollman is a historian and author who specialises in late medieval English history. A Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, her first book Royal Witches was published in 2019 and her second book The Queen and the Mistress which was released in November 2022.

She works full-time in the heritage industry whilst also running her historical blog, Just History Posts, which explores all periods of history in more depth.

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Basing House – Lost Treasures of the Marquess

BASING HOUSE

Lost Treasures Of The Marquess

Overview

In southern England nestled along the banks of the river Loddon lies the tiny village of Basing. It is an area that has experienced a lot of history, Iron age pottery has been found in the area, coins from Roman settlement and even the remains of both Saxon and Norman castle ramparts. Built on top of these former castles however, was the 300 room mansion named the Basing House.

Owned by the various Marquess of Winchester, who themselves have an interesting and rich history the house was often visited by royalty and was an important landmark of the time. During the time of the British Civil war between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians the house was often under siege, during this time it is said that a fortune in gold was hidden by the Marquess, is the treasure still hidden in the crumbling remains of the house, or is the missing gold just a myth.

Aerial view of Basing House Grounds.

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Origins

The Basing House was built under the direction of one of the sixteenth-century’s most long-lived public figures Sir William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester. Sir William’s list of titles are extensive, from household controller and lord chamberlain to King Henry VIII, to being Lord treasurer to Edward VI and Queens Mary and Elizabeth.

As treasurer to the various Tudor monarchs, royal visits were common. King Edward VI visited the house in 1552, staying for three days and Queen Elizabeth I enjoyed her stay at the house so much in 1560 that she returned twice more, in 1569 and 1601.

Entrance to Basing House, Old Basing, Hampshire, UK.

Portrait of William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester (1485-1572).

When the civil war erupted in England in 1642, the Paulet family still owned the house but were avid Royalists and supporters of King Charles I. This caused parliamentary forces to repeatedly lay siege to the house. The king sent over 300 troops to help reinforce the house.

In November 1643 the first serious attack on the house occured, led by Sir William Waller, 500 foot soldiers and 500 cavalry marched from Windsor Castle to Basing House. After much fighting between the two sides and after nearly two weeks of attacking Waller called off the siege and retreated with his troops to the nearby town of Basingstoke.

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The Legend

On 14th October 1645, the defenses of the old Norman ringwork were finally breached by cannon which allowed Oliver Cromwell (who had personally taken over the siege) and his men to then bombard the main gateway to the house and overrun the site. As the fighting dissolved into brutal hand to hand combat, the Marquess finally gave himself and the house up.

The attack was reported to have taken no more than an hour and was followed by a looting of any valuable goods, including rich fabrics and furniture. The house was set on fire until finally little remained of the once grand Tudor home, especially after parliament issued a decree that allowed the general population of Old Basing to take whatever they wished from the rubble, soon not even a wall remained.

Cromwell at the Storming of Basing House, 1900 (oil on canvas), Crofts, Ernest (1847-1911).

Depiction of Basing House after the siege from A history of the ancient town and manor of Basingstoke in the county of Southampton; with a brief account of the siege of Basing House, A. D. 1643-1645, pages 428/429.

As the house was repeatedly attacked from parliamentarian troops over the course of three years the treasure legend began. The Marquess was not a poor man, and being constantly under attack, and with the fear of his home being taken it is said that he hid over £3 million worth of his gold in the walls and foundations of the house.

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The Treasures

By the end of the eighteenth century the possibility of the story of the missing gold was revived when several gold Coins of the appropriate time period were found during the digging of the Basingstoke Canal, which was routed right through the House’s old ruins.

A Charles II. of England, 1660 – 1685 Golden Guinea.

Worshiping the golden calf, as in Exodus 32:1-35, illustration from a Bible card published 1901 by the Providence Lithograph Company.

Another variation of the treasure story involves a life size solid gold golden calf worth over $10 million dollars is also supposed to have been hidden during the war. In an effort to trick Cromwell, the Marquis instead of hiding the gold, had it melted down.

The precious yellow metal was then cast into a life-size statue of a calf, which was then splashed with ordinary paint, and disguised to look like a cheap piece of garden sculpture. According to Dr John Thornton a treasure authority “The gardens of these old castles were always covered with this type of statuary”. “It was a clever gambit to trick the Roundheads.

The idea that Civil War treasure may genuinely lie somewhere in the grounds has certainly been taken seriously by present-day descendants of the Marquis, Mr Christopher Orde-Powlett, whose family continued to own the site up to the twentieth century. As late as 1963 Mr Orde-Powlett allowed a metal-detector survey to be made in the area and especially the old chapel, but although this indicated the presence of buried metal, weeks of digging at the time failed to disclose anything more than old musket balls, stained glass and ancient pottery and a calf statue has not been found on the property.

In 1965 divers from the British Royal Engineers explored the murky depths of the old Roman well, hauling up tons of centuries old ballast and debris from the bottom of the ninety-foot well that had enabled the besieged to hold out for so long during the Civil War, however they found nothing.

Image of the tunnels under the grounds of Basing House.

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Conclusion

A general plan of the Basing House Grounds.

Today, the Basing House site is managed by the Hampshire County Council whose officials maintain a neutral opinion on the likelihood of any treasure. One major sticking point is the fact that the Marquis did manage to survive the war, and if he genuinely did hide a fortune in some secret place he would surely have returned for it.

At the time of his capture all his estates were confiscated and he was sent to the Tower of London for high treason. Fifteen years later with the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 he was freed and what remained of his lands were restored to him. By then the Basing House was no more than rubble so he spent his last years at Englefield, Berkshire, a property he had acquired through his second marriage, however, it is unlikely that he would not have sought out any secret cache of gold or golden calf that he thought the Parliamentarians might have missed.

He actually had a pretty strong financial reason for making such a search since, due to the general inefficiency of the time, he never received the 10,000 compensation for his lost estates which Charles II’s Parliament awarded him.

So is the treasure at the Basing House real or just a legend? What has the old mansion grounds still to yield up, especially with all the secrets of its still not fully explored subterranean recesses.

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ROBERT JENNER

Guest Writer

Robert, a guest writer for Areas Grey, has had treasure hunting coursing through his veins from a young age. A fascination with pirates, shipwrecks and lost treasures inspired him to study Marine Archaeology at QUT, working aboard cruise ships many years, then creating and hosting Live from the CodeBar: a podcast about treasure hunting.

Robert is also a member of Fourtune; the most successful armchair treasure hunting team to date which have solved: ‘The Lost Skull’, ‘It’s In LA’, ‘The Letters of St Germain’, ‘Hidden Treasures Treasure Hunt’, and more recently ‘The Bossall Treasure’ which had gone unsolved for almost 10 years!

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OTTO HILLIG’S NAZI TREASURE

OTTO HILLIG’S LEGEND

& His Lost Nazi Treasure

Overview

At the end of World War II there were a lot of stories and conspiracy theories about lost Nazi gold and treasure. Units like the Allied Monuments Men searched caves, tunnels and other hard to reach locations looking for the lost loot. Though much of it was found, there are estimated to be millions still missing.

Lost Nazi treasure is not something that you would normally expect to find buried in the United States, especially in the remote Catskills Mountains of New York. Otto Hillig is a legend in the Catskills Mountains, from aviation, to photography, the small town of Liberty holds this man in very high esteem.

Otto Hillig and Holger Hoiriis with their plane ‘Liberty’ which they flew the 10th ever transatlantic flight.

The plaque which marks the starting point of Hillig and Hoiriis transatlantic flight in 1931.

However, apart from being a legend, he also created a legend. During the war he managed to kill two German saboteurs who had hijacked his plane, hid their loot and created a treasure hunt so that one worthy finder could claim the money that was originally intended to be used for destruction by the Nazis.

By following a series of cryptic clues left almost 50 years after he passed away, you could find the buried coin with the initials OH on it and claim Otto Hillig’s Nazi Treasure. From buried treasure to Castles, the Otto Hillig Treasure has it all.

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The Legend

Otto Hillig was born in 1876 in Gera, a small rural village south of Leipzig, Germany. Very little is known about Otto’s boyhood. In 1891 at the age of 15 he emigrated to the United States. Adventure and trouble were always a part of Otto’s life. In 1895 he worked as a conductor during the Great Trolley Car strike, as a bartender and other odd jobs. In 1897 Otto moved from Brooklyn, probably to the southern Catskills mountains of New York.

It was here, while working as a farm laborer near the town of Liberty, that he picked up a photography magazine. This led to the purchase of his first box camera and he started to photograph the local landscapes. Over time, Otto grew his photography business and his studio in Liberty soon became the best equipped studio between New York City and Buffalo. Otto’s adventurous spirit led to him owning one of the first cars in the county, and in 1916 he took one of the first cross country road trips.

Map of the town of Liberty, in Sullivan County, New York.

Otto Hillig’s Photography Studio in the town of Liberty, New York.

Fast cars led to fast planes and in the 1920’s Otto started flying, he would often take his camera, and is considered one of the early pioneers of aerial photography. Otto partnered with a Danish pilot by the name of Holger Hoiris and the two commissioned the construction of a Wright-Powered Bellanca Monoplane for $22,000 ($395,952 today), and named it ‘Spirit of Liberty’ in honor of the town.

The 1920’s were a boom time for aviation and especially long distance flights. In 1927 Charles Lindbergh had flown solo from New York City to Paris and since then, only a handful of other transatlantic flights had taken place.

Otto and Holger planned to be the first to fly from New York to Copenhagen, Denmark, and on June 24th 1931 they took off from the Liberty Golf Course. The first leg took them from Liberty to Newfoundland to refuel.

After leaving Newfoundland the pair encountered a large fog bank that led them to fly over Portugal, Spain and France, until they landed at Krafeld, Germany with only 5 gallons of gas to spare. After refueling they flew on to Copenhagen and were greeted on the ground by over 60,00 people who were waiting to see them land.

Otto Hillig and Holger Hoiriis in front of their plane ‘Liberty’.

Returning to the US as heroes, Otto went back to his studio, and in 1932 started working on a new project: building a castle for himself on Washington Mountain outside of Liberty. Then on September 1st 1939 Hitler invaded Poland and the world went to war against Germany.

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The Treasure

None of the battles fought during World War II were ever fought on US soil, however, with a large German immigrant population, the US was home to lots of Nazi sympathizers. Sabotage was one way that Nazi agents could disrupt the US war effort, and this made targets of locations like electrical plants, railroads, munitions factories and dams. On August 1st 1942 Otto and Holger were at the airport readying their plane for an evening flight when two men pointed guns at them and ordered them to fly the plane in a south-easterly direction towards New York City.

Once in the air, the two hijackers, thinking that their prisoners would not live to tell the tale, began explaining their entire plan. The leader pulled out a large sum of cash and stated that they were flying to New York City to purchase some dynamite, and were going to use the dynamite to blow up some trestle rail bridges around Liberty.

‘Liberty’ Plane Flies Over New York City.

Otto and Holger celebrated on their successful transatlantic flight.

After a few minutes of silence, Otto managed to get Holger’s attention and pointed to the map pocket of the cockpit, where a loaded revolver was kept. Otto then indicated that Holger should roll the plane. When Holger rolled the plane the two hijackers were slammed into the side of the plane, giving Otto who was buckled a chance to grab the revolver. One of the hijackers was able to fire a shot which grazed Holger’s flight jacket, but Otto was too quick and without a second thought shot and killed both men. After taking some time to calm himself, Holger turned the plane around and returned to Liberty.

Both men were shaken and agreed to contact the authorities, but not to mention the money. Upon landing, Otto hid the money before calling the police. When the authorities arrived the two men were sworn to secrecy so that there would not be a panic among the local residents.

Otto and Holger made a promise to each other not to use the money except for something good and noble, so the money remained buried for many years. Holger died later that year, leaving only Otto with the location.

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The Clues

Otto used his remaining years, before his death in 1954, to work on his photography, finish building his castle and also to create a series of 25 cryptic clues that, when solved, would lead to a buried bronze coin stamped with an ‘OH’. The instructions outlining what to do after finding the coin are vague, however the money is said to be in the Fleet Bank on North Main Street, Liberty. After all this time it is unknown who you would turn the coin into to claim your prize.

Many treasure hunters have searched much of the Liberty area, some even going so far as to dig up the Castle grounds, but the Nazi Treasure still remains unclaimed. It is suggested that all you need to find the coin are the 25 clues, and a good understanding of the geography and history of the local area. Otto gave the clues and the coin’s location to a trusted friend with a promise to release his Treasure Hunt on August 1st 1992, exactly 50 years after the tragic flight.

One of the clues as it appeared in the original published article.

The Clues

1. The Witch Cannot See.

2. The Coin is in the open.

3. Broad head Points to.

4. Blue Mountain Cemetery looks over Otto’s treasure.

5. Grady’s horse kicked the spot.

6. The Lennon Building holds a clue.

7. From inside Manion’s Store, the Mongaup will roar.

8, What once was Hortonville, now is not.

9. She is as beautiful as her closest sister, who once left Skeetersburg.

10. Dr. Blake Wales knew it as two log houses.

11. William Ayers mourned Liberty’s first death.

12. Four pins mark the spot, maybe yes, maybe not.

13. “Foul wrinkled witch, what makes thou in my sight?”

14. O Tsuga Canadensis, protect me!

15. As you pass by behold and see in a restaurant across from the old “Big G.” My works live on and hold a clue to find the coin now known to you. Enjoy the food and have a ball, examine all the pictures on the wall.

16. You are very close at number one, the plaque is a spot which you should plot, go in and eat, and count the feet, from there to here, let’s have a beer.

17. The fish won’t bite at the Western part but begin the hunt. It’s OK to start.

18. Liberty Public Service was there in my time, now in its place is a restaurant which has food that is fine. Descramble the words on the bar and you will be one step closer to being the star.

19. Ugly Acer rubrum on the trade, then 30 paces and you will have it made. Turn to the right if walking at, turn to the left if walking back.

20. The municipal corner is basically nutty.

21. The arch of the roots is by your boots.

22. The lens of my camera has revealed the spot.

23. Mr. Manion’s home plate.

24. Lucky me, I’m in the Queen’s backyard. If you can’t find me, you haven’t looked too hard.

25. This is it, you have all the clues. If you do find me, call the news. Fred will know what to do, he has the treasure to give to you.

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Conclusion

Simply finding the answers to Otto’s clues is not always guaranteed to move you closer to finding the coin. For example the first clue, “The Witch Cannot See”, seems almost too easy. This clue almost definitely refers to Witch Head Rock on Walnut Mountain just outside of Liberty. There is an unusual rock formation that overlooks Liberty that looks like a witch’s chin.

There are several postcards with pictures of the rock that Otto took of the location, but what does this mean, and does it have any link to the ‘Foul wrinkled witch clue’, or is the witch looking over the coin’s location?. Then there is the clue “William Ayers mourned Liberty’s first death”. According to the History of Liberty Sullivan County New York “in 1797, a child of William Ayers, who had become a resident, was so badly scalded that it soon died a painful death.” This is an interesting piece of local history in itself, but how does it help? Is this a way to find a location point or does it have some other use?

Otto Hillig’s Castle Home On Top Of A Prominent Hill Outside Of The Town Of Liberty.

Picture Taken By Otto Hillig Of Witch Rock Located In Walnut Mountain Park.

What would seem like a more straightforward clue is number 16: “You are very close at number one, the plaque is a spot which you should plot, go in and eat, and count the feet, from there to here, let’s have a beer”. This clue leads you to the plaque that commemorates Otto and Helgar’s flight across the Atlantic. The plaque is located on a rock at the Liberty Golf Course (where the flight started) and is conveniently right next to the first tee.

One of the biggest issues that you will come across while searching for this treasure is that so much of this area has changed over the years, and so much has been lost to time, but the hunt for Otto’s treasure continues.

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Written By

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ROBERT JENNER

Guest Writer

Robert, a guest writer for Areas Grey, has had treasure hunting coursing through his veins from a young age. A fascination with pirates, shipwrecks and lost treasures inspired him to study Marine Archaeology at QUT, working aboard cruise ships many years, then creating and hosting Live from the CodeBar: a podcast about treasure hunting.

Robert is also a member of Fourtune; the most successful armchair treasure hunting team to date which have solved: ‘The Lost Skull’, ‘It’s In LA’, ‘The Letters of St Germain’, ‘Hidden Treasures Treasure Hunt’, and more recently ‘The Bossall Treasure’ which had gone unsolved for almost 10 years!

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