THE BEALE PAPERS
Hoax or Legend?
Overview
A hidden treasure of gold, silver and jewels worth over 43 million dollars is said to be hidden in Bedford County, Virginia according to three cipher texts which first appeared in a pamphlet published in 1885 which told the story of how the papers came to be.
Is the story one of fiction or is there some truth to the coded messages, could there really be a vault of hidden treasure waiting to be found in Virginia? Or perhaps the treasure vault was already found?
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The Legend
In the early 1800’s a man by the name of Thomas J. Beale led a group of 30 adventurers from Virginia into Santa Fe de Nuevo, Mexico (current day Colorado) to hunt buffalo. While hunting the men stumbled across a rich mine of gold and silver. They spent the next 18 months mining thousands of pounds of these valuable metals which Beale was tasked to then transport to Virginia and secure in a hiding place.
This task took Beale back and forth between Santa Santa Fe de Nuevo and Virginia numerous times until the secure hiding place was stocked with all of the groups’ collective gold and silver. At this point, Beale made three encrypted messages which described the treasure, the location of the stash, and the owners and their relatives.
In 1822 Beale stayed in Lynchburg at an inn owned by a Robert Morriss. After talking to Morriss, Beale entrusted an iron box containing the cipher texts to Morriss and instructed him to only open the box if he or one of his men failed to return from their journey within 10 years.
A few months later Morriss received a letter from St. Louis sent by Beale, informing Morriss that a friend in St. Louis would mail a key that would de-cipher the encrypted letters in the iron box. However, the letter with the key never arrived.
In 1845 after 23 years since the iron box was left in his care, Morriss decided it was time to open the box in which he discovered two plaintext letters and several pages of cipher text separated into Papers “1”, “2”, and “3”. After decades of trying to decipher the letters, Morriss had failed and decided to hand the papers over to a friend of his, hope he would have better luck at deciphering the letters. By using the United States Declaration of Independence as a key in a similar fashion to a book cipher, he was able to crack one of the three papers revealing a description of the buried treasure.
However, the key would not work for the other two cipher texts and despite many attempts over the next twenty years to solve them, ultimately he was unable to, leading him to make the cipher texts public in a pamphlet entitled The Beale Papers, which was published by James B. Ward, in 1885.
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The Treasure
The one paper that was deciphered by using the United States Declaration of Independence revealed a description of the treasure as follows: One deposit of ten hundred and fourteen pounds of gold, and thirty-eight hundred and twelve pounds of silver. A second deposit of nineteen hundred and seven pounds of gold, and twelve hundred and eighty-eight of silver, also jewels, obtained in St. Louis in exchange to save transportation, and valued at thirteen thousand dollars.
The total weight of the treasure is about 3 tons which would be approximately 35,052 troy oz gold, 61,200 troy oz. silver. With the added value of the jewels this would be worth over $43 million dollars.
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The Clues
Beale’s second cryptogram. Deciphered with the Deceleration of independence – with errors highlighted in red. .
“I have deposited in the county of Bedford, about four miles from Buford’s, in an excavation or vault, six feet below the surface of the ground, the following articles, belonging jointly to the parties whose names are given in number three…”
“The above is securely packing in iron pots, with iron covers. The vault is roughly lined with stone, and the vessels rest on solid stone, and are covered with others. Paper number one describes the exact locality of the vault, so that no difficulty will be had in finding it.”
The two other papers (1 and 3) remain encrypted despite the many attempts to try and solved them.
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Conclusion
Statistical analysis of the last digits in the Beale Ciphers. The solved cipher (2) differs wildly from the uniform distribution in all bases, but this is only true for the unsolved ones in base 10. This indicates that the ciphers are fraudulent. The analysis is based on a permutation Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
The story of The Beale Papers has over the years inspired countless treasure hunters to attempt to solve the remaining ciphers and go in search of the treasure in Bedford County, and rightfully so, with over $43 million up for grabs just hidden out there somewhere, or is it?
There has been a lot of speculation over the validity of the Beale Papers since their publication in 1885 and perhaps rightfully so.
Historians through thorough investigations found that James B. Ward while almost untraceable in historical records did appear to own the home of Sarah Morriss, the spouse of Robert Morriss. Is it therefor possible that Ward was “the friend” of Morriss? Perhaps more concerning is the comparisons between the language used by Ward in the pamphlet and the plaintext of the letters by Beale which show that the pamphlet and the plaintext were likely wrote by the same person.
Further analysis conducted by cryptographers reveal that cipher texts one and three (the un- decrypted ones) are unlikely to be real as what they would likely be decoded to reveal would be blocks of letters such as abcdefghiijklmmnohpp. If these points are taken into consideration, anyone looking for the Beale Paper treasure must ask themselves.
Are the plaintext letters and the two un-deciphered texts fakes and the deciphered text the only real one? Or, as most believe, the whole thing a ruse to sell and make a small fortune from a pamphlet which Ward expected to be in “high-circulation”.
This isn’t to suggest there’s no evidence to support the story of the Beale treasure story: There are numerous Thomas Beale’s that existed around the time of the legend. One Thomas Beall was present in a customer list of St. Louis Post Department in 1820. While Census reports are scarce or completely missing in some states there was a Captain Thomas Beale of the battle of New Orleans 1815 in Louisiana who was originally from Virginia Botetourt County – Fincastle area 12 miles from Bedford County. There is also a Cheyenne legend that exists from roughly 1820 which discusses gold and silver being taken from the West and buried in the mountains in the East.
What do you believe?
Information for this article has been provided by various sources and are referenced here:
Primary Source: Beale Ciphers – Wikipedia
SOURCES:
Bibliography
- Nickell, Joe (July 1982). “Discovered: The secret of Beale’s treasure”. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 90 (3): 310–324. JSTOR 4248566
- “The Beale Treasure Ciphers”. The Guardian. 1999. Archived from the original on 2006-12-30. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
- Dunin, Elonka (2003-12-08). “Famous Unsolved Codes and Ciphers”. Archived from the original on 23 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
- Burchard, Hank (5 May 1972). “Leading cryptanalysts seek to break secret code reported to tell of buried treasure in Virginia” (PDF). The Washington Post.
- “Sarah Morriss”. obituary. Lynchburg Virginian. 21 May 1865.
- “The Beale Papers, page 17”. wikisource.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- “The Beale Papers, page 18”. wikisource.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- “Historical London Fix Prices Current Year| Kitco”. www.kitco.com. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- Burchard, Hank (7 September 1979). “Motley group gathers to solve ciphers to treasure”. The Washington Post.
- Poundstone, William (1993). Biggest Secrets. New York, NY: William Morrow and Company. p. 127. ISBN 0-688-11529-2.
- Dr. Clarence Williams, a researcher at the Library of Congress, in 1934. (No source given.).
- Gillogly, James (April 1980). “The Beale Cipher: A Dissenting Opinion”. Cryptologia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2006.
- Love, George (20 April 2006). “The Beale Ciphers”. Archived from the original on 20 April 2006.
- Kruh, Louis (October 1982). “A basic probe of the Beale Cipher as bamboozlement” (PDF). Cryptologia.
- “Improvise”. The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. Vol. 12. 1824.
- Harper, Douglas. “improvisation”. Online Etymology Dictionary.
- Harper, Douglas. “stampede”. Online Etymology Dictionary.
- Sherwood, Mary Elizabeth Wilson (1834). Etiquette, the American Code of Manners. G. Routledge & Sons. p. 107.
- 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. “Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–”. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- Singh, S (2000). The Code Book. Fourth Estate. p. 97. ISBN 1-85702-889-9.
- Poundstone, 127–128.
- Murphy, Linda Troutt (25 July 2006). “Missing Federal Census Schedules”. Traut / Trout(t) Family. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.
- “Clues in Census Records, 1790–1840”. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006.
- Silverman, Kenneth (1991). Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance (Paperback ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-06-092331-0.
- Poundstone, 126.ruh, Louis (October 1982).
- Meyers, Jeffrey (1992). Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy (Paperback ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8154-1038-6.
- Poundstone, 133.
- Wase, Viktor (2020). “On the Role of Base 10 in the Beale Ciphers” (PDF). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Historical Cryptology HistoCrypt 2020. doi:10.3384/ecp2020171019. S2CID 219488310.
- Wagenaar, W. A. (1972). “Generation of random sequences by human subject: A critical survey of literature” (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 77: 65–72. doi:10.1037/h0032060.
- “The Mystery of Thomas Beale’s Treasure”. IMDb. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
- “The Thomas Beale Cipher: A Short Film by Andrew Allen”. www.thomasbealecipher.com. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
Other sources of information:
National Security Agency/Central Security: NSA.Gov
Mind Blowing Facts: Mind-blowingfacts.com/beale-cipher-treasure/
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Written By
ADAM L C
Director of Areas Grey
Adam is an avid treasure hunter, seeker of adventure and the creator of Areas Grey. After travelling for almost half his life and cataloguing over 100 treasure legends along the way. He decided this was simply far too much treasure for one person to chase! As a result he created Areas Grey so he could share his stories, connect with other treasure hunters and put a little more adventure in the lives of the treasure hunting community.
Adam is a Private Investigator and former Wilderness Guide with a passion for history and archaeology. With the skills, knowledge and gear, Adam is always eager to go on the next fortune seeking adventure and connect with fellow treasure hunters along the way.
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